PRODRUG DESIGN
After absorption drug enters systemic circulation and gets distributed throughout the body including target as well as non-target cell. Such distribution may lead to
(i) Toxicity in non-target cell
(ii) Insufficient concentration of drug in specific site
(iii) It may not penetrate into the target site in sufficient amount
(iv) Drug may be eliminated without reaching the site
This problem can be overcome by targeting the drug to its site of action. There are several approaches to drug targeting; prodrug design is one of them. Some important examples of site-specific drug delivery are discussed below.
a) Oxyphenisatin is a bowel sterilant that is active only rectally. However when the hydroxy group is acetylated the prodrug can be administered orally and is hydrolyzed at the site of intestine to Oxyphenisatin.
b) Hexamine is a prodnig of urinary antiseptic formaldehyde. After oral absorption, hexamine remains stable in blood pH 7.4. When excreted in urine, the prodrug decomposes into formaldehyde in acidic pH, which exerts its antibacterial activity.
c) Antiviral agent lodoxuridine serves as a substrate for phosphorylating enzyme found in virus and the phosphorylated species is the active antiviral agent. The active phosphorylated species is incorporated into viral DNA, disrupting viral multiplication and thus producing antiviral effect. These drugs do not undergo phosphorylation by mammalian cell, so prodrug is specific for the site where it serves as a substrate for phosphorylation enzymes.
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