Pharmacognocy, Semister V. Pharmacy free PDF books
UNIT -I :- Metabolic Pathways In Higher Plants and Their Determination.
UNIT-II :- Secondary Metabolites
UNIT- III :- Isolation, Identification and Analysis of Phytoconstituents
Brief Study of Basic Metabolic Pathways and Formation of Different Secondary Metabolites Through These Pathways- Shikimic Acid Pathway, Acetate Aathways And Amino Acid Aathway.
The sum total of all the enzymatic mediated reactions occurring in the cell is collectively called metabolism. The reaction sequences occurring within organisms in an orderly and regulated way are known as metabolic pathways and the compounds formed during metabolism are called metabolites. During the process of metabolism many intermediate metabolites are formed which is used to denote the chemical pathways of metabolism.
Cellular metabolism has four functions:
1. To obtain chemical energy i.e ATP through degradation of energy reach biomolecules.
2. To transform biomolecules into building blocks or precursors needed for the synthesis
of macromolecular cell components.
3. To assemble building blocks into proteins, nucleic acids, lipids and other cell
components.
4. To form and degrade biomolecules required in the specialized functions of cells.
As a result of metabolic process in plants, plant synthesizes primary plant metabolites and secondary plant metabolites. Primary plant metabolites�These are considered as basic plant constituents like sugars, amino acids, coenzyme A, mevalonic acid and lipids. They are widely distributed in plants in large quantities; are directly involved in growth, development and reproduction; non-expensive to isolate from plant e.g starch from potato and do not possess biological or pharmacological action.
ALKALOIDS
- Alkaloids are basic nitrogen containing compound obtained from plant,animal and microorganism having marked physiological action.
- Term alkaloids was coined by Meissner in 1819.
- Term alkaloids are derived from “alkali like” they are basic in nature, they contain one or more nitrogen atom (usually in heterocyclic ring).
PROPERTIES
- Most of alkaloids are basic in reaction due to the availability of lone pair of electron on nitrogen.
- The alkaloid contain one or more number of nitrogen and it may exist in the form as
- Primary amine – Mascaline.
- Secondary amine – Ephedrine.
- Tertiary amine – Atropine.
- Quarternary amine – Tubocurarine Chloride
- Alkaloids one colorless, crystalline, non-volatile, solid and bitter in taste.
- Alkaloids are generally optically active, among the leavo isomers are more active.
General Introduction
Extraction:
It is the process in which the animal or plant tissues are treated with specific solvents (Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Ethyl acetate, Alcohol, Water etc.) whereby the medicinally active compound (Phytoconstituents) are dissolved out from the cells and tissues. The purpose of extraction is to separate the soluble plant metabolites like Carbohydrate, Glycoside, Alkaloids, Terpenoids, Flavonoids etc.
Different methods are used for the extraction of the drugs i.e.
A. Infusion
B. Decoction
C. Digestion
D. Maceration: Simple, Modified etc.
E. Percolation: Simple, Hot continious percolation (Soxhleation), etc
F. Distillation: Water distillation for oils, Steam distillation for oils
Isolation of compound:
Isolation: Separation of a single compound from mixture of components present in
the extract. Different methods are used for Isolation of compounds i.e.
Chromatography
A. Paper Chromatography
B. Thin Layer Chromatography
C. Column chromatography
D. HPLC (High Performance Liquid Chromatography)
E. GC (Gas Chromatography)
Identification means to establish the class of compounds, their nature etc.
Compounds are identified by two basic way i.e. Qualitative and Quantitative identification.
Preface to the fiftieth Edition
At no time in the history of mankind, progress has been so rapid and so meaningful as that achieved in last two decades in our understanding of drugs of natural origin. The substantial scientific work that has been accomplished in recent years in the field of pharmaceutically significant natural products has revolutionized the entire concept of pharmacognosy. The ultimate biomedical objective of pharmacognosy is to contribute to rational relationship between chemical moieties of naturally occurring drugs and biological and therapeutic effects they generate. In present global scenario, natural medicines are gaining prominence, because they are economical, easily available and relatively free from side effects. The increased global demand for polyherbal formulations is reflective of positive impact of consolidated efforts aimed at reviving science of phytopharmacy.
The Post-GATT era and new international patenting pattern offer many challenges in the field of herbal medicines. The WHO guidelines for assessment of herbal medicines have provided impetus tocommercial exploitation of indigenous drugs in global context. Keeping this in view, it is our endeavour to provide comprehensive text of modern pharmacognosy covering cultivation technology, quality control of herbal drugs, phytochemistry, phytopharmacy and therapeutic utility of crude drugs. The emphasis is laid on current trends in herbal drugs, nutraceuticals, Ayurvedic pharmacy, marine pharmacognosy, medicinal plant biotechnology and endangered species of medici nal plants in this edition. The information on plant vaccines, omega-3 fatty acids, hypericin, spirul·ina, forskolin, jojoba oil, camptothecin, feverfew, echinacea, phyllanthus, bhringraj, guduchi, amra, manjistha, stevia, long peper and many other drugs is the added feature of this book.
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