RHEOLOGY
By CVS Subrahmanyam
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- Concept of Viscosity
- Factors Influencing the Viscosity
- Newtonian Flow
- Non-Newtonian Flow
- Thixotropy
- Determination of Flow Properties
Rheology is the science that concerns with the flow of liquids and the deformation of solids. Study of flow properties of liquids is impor tant for pharmacists working in the manufacture of several dosage forms, viz., simple liquids, gels, ointments, creams and pastes. These systems change their flow behavior when exposed to different stress conditions in the following situations.
(i) Manufacture of dosage forms: Materials undergo processes such as mixing, flowing through pipes, filling into the containers etc. Flow related changes influence the selection of mixing equipment.
(ii) Handling of drugs for administration : The syringibility of the medicines, the pouring of the liquids from containers, extrusion of ointment from tubes, all depend on the changes in flow behavior of dosage forms. Thus, flow behavior of liquids (on applying stress) is of great relevance in pharmacy. Performance of a product depends on the net effect of all the above mentioned processes. Therefore, flow properties are used as important quality control tools to maintain the superiority of the product and reduce batch to batch variations. For example, dextran 40 and dextran 110 injections are analysed by determining the viscosity ratios at 37°C (1.P.).
Discussion on deformation of solids is beyond the scope of this chapter. Fundamental principles of rheology are discussed here, and their applications in the design of dosage forms will be given in the chapters 10 and 11 for suspensions and emulsions, respectively.
Kinematic Viscosity :-
It is defined as viscosity (n) divided by the density () of the liquid. Viscosity is expressed in terms of kinematic viscosity in the official pharmacopoeia, IP., B.P., U.S.P., and National Formulary. It is expressed mathematically as:
Relative viscosity :-
The coefficient, abbreviated, 7, is defined as the ratio of viscosity of the dispersion (m) to that of the solvent, no (vehicle). It is mathematically expressed as:
Specific viscosity :-
This term is defined as the relative increase in the viscosity of the dispersion over that of the solvent (vehicle) alone. It is mathematically expressed as:
Reduced viscosity :-
This term is defined as the ratio of specific viscosity to the concentration (c). It is mathematically expressed as:
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